In a previous edition of this column, we discussed a tragic case involving a 14-year-old student who, after forming a deep attachment to an artificial intelligence character he had created, experienced a gradual erosion of his peer relationships and ultimately took his own life. While this incident might seem like a textbook example of digital anthropomorphism—ascribing human traits to AI—it also highlights a deeper issue: digital loneliness, a profound and often overlooked consequence of technological advancement.
In psychology, loneliness is defined as a state of distress or discomfort resulting from a perceived gap between one’s desired social connections and actual experiences. It affects individuals even when they are surrounded by others and has far-reaching implications for mental and physical health.
When it comes to social media, technology plays a pivotal role in creating what some have termed a “cycle of loneliness.” Research consistently shows that the addictive nature of social media use correlates with increased feelings of depression and loneliness. Ironically, these feelings often drive individuals to spend even more time on social platforms, perpetuating the cycle.
To better understand this phenomenon, we must examine the relationship between technology and loneliness within a historical and sociological framework. Although the literature rarely explores this concept from a historical perspective, a recent study by Brennan (2021) shed light on how technology has influenced loneliness from the 18th century to the present. It reveals recurring cycles of hopes and fears that have shaped our interaction with new technologies, culminating in the emergence of digital loneliness in the 21st century.
Cycles of Hopes and Fears
Throughout history, debates surrounding the social impact of information and communication technologies have often oscillated between optimism and apprehension. On one side, new technologies are lauded for their potential to enhance social connections; on the other, they are feared for their capacity to disrupt human relationships and well-being. This duality reflects a recurring paradigm: technology’s societal impact largely depends on how it is used. The same innovation can yield positive or negative outcomes for different groups of people.
Historical Examples:
- The Telephone (Early 20th Century): Initially hailed as a lifeline for rural communities to combat isolation, the telephone was also criticized for fostering trivial conversations and wasting time.
- The Radio (1920s): While some believed radio would promote international peace through cultural exchange, others worried it encouraged passive engagement and social detachment.
- Television (1950s): This medium was celebrated for uniting families and offering diverse entertainment, but detractors feared it weakened familial bonds and isolated individuals within households.
These examples, given by Brennan (2021) illustrate the cyclical interplay of expectations and fears that has accompanied each technological breakthrough.
The Digital Age: Social Media and Loneliness
Fast forward to the early 2000s, when social networks like Facebook promised to revolutionize social connectivity. Proponents envisioned these platforms as tools for fostering relationships, especially for those physically isolated. Social media was seen as a way to create vibrant online communities and bridge geographical divides. However, this optimism quickly waned as studies revealed that excessive social media use often distracted users from face-to-face interactions and led to superficial relationships.
Over time, new challenges emerged, such as the rise of FOMO (Fear of Missing Out)—a pervasive anxiety about being excluded from online developments. Social media users began to experience heightened pressure from social comparisons, leading to feelings of inadequacy and ostracization.
A Complex Legacy
In the past 25 years, the Internet, social media, and mobile devices have proven to be double-edged swords. For some, these technologies have strengthened social ties and created meaningful connections. For others, they have exacerbated social isolation and digital loneliness.
This duality underscores the importance of understanding technology as a tool that reflects how it is employed. When treated as an end in itself, technology can lead to adverse outcomes such as addiction and isolation. Conversely, when harnessed thoughtfully, it has the potential to enrich human connections and well-being.
In our next article, we will delve deeper into the concept of digital loneliness, exploring its nuances and implications in greater detail.